高一英语:直接引语与间接引语知识点总结

发布时间:2017-06-04分类:高一辅导
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高中英语直接引语与间接引语知识点总结(一)

一、概述

引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法:直接引述别人的原话,这叫做直接引语(direct speech)。用自己的话转述别人的话,叫间接引语(indirect speech)。一般地讲,直接引语前后要加引号,间接引语不用引号,而用宾语从句来表达。

Mr. Black said,“I'm busy.”布菜克先生说:“我很忙”。(直接引语)

Mr. Black saidthat he was busy.布菜克先生说他很忙。(宾语从句是间接引语)

从上例看来,直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语改为宾语从句之外,还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行相应的变化,如上例直接引语中的I改成了he, am则改成了was。现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应注意的问题,分述如下:

二、直接引语是陈述句时

直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导(that在口语中常省去),that从句之前用say、tell等动词,从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。

1、人称的变化

直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化,把直接引语中的第一人称(如:I,me,my,mine,we,us,our,ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you,your,yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人,如无听话人,可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。直接引语中的第三人称(he,him,his,she,her,hers,it,its,they,their,theirs,them)变为间接引语时,人称不变。

He said , “Ilikeitvery much.” 他说:“我非常喜欢它”。

→He saidthathelikeditvery much. 他说他非常喜欢它。(I改为he, it不变)

He said, “Youtoldmethis story.”他说:“你给我讲过这个故事。”

→He said thatIhad toldhimthat story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。(You改为I, me改为him, told改为had told)

He said to me, “She’sleftherbook inyourroom”.他对我说:“她把书放在你的房间里去了。”

He told me thatshe hadleftherbook inmyroom. 他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了。(She’s→she had, her不变,your→my)

2、时态的变化

(1)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时

如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变间接引语时,从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。直接引语改为间接引语时,动词时态相应变化表:

He said, “I usuallywatchTV on Sunday.”他说:“我常在星期天看电视”。

→He said that he usuallywatchedTV on Sunday.他说他常在星期天看电视。

He said, “I'm usingthe knife.”他说:“我正在用小刀。”

→He said that hewas usingthe knife.他说他正在用小刀。

She said, “Ihave not heardfrom him since May.”她说:“自从五月份来我就没有收到他的来信。”

→She said that shehad notheard from him since May. 她说自从五月份以来她就没收到他的来信。

He said,“Icameto help you.”他说:“我来帮助你。”

→He said thathe had cometo help me.他说他来帮助我。

He said, “Ihad finishedmy homework before supper.”他说:“晚饭前我己做完了作业。”

→He said that hehad finishedhis homework before supper.他说晚饭前他己做完了作业。

Zhou Lan said, “I'll doit after class.”周兰说:“下课后我就去做。”

→Zhou Lan said that shewould doit after class.周兰说下课后她就去做。

He said,“Ishall be doingmy homework then.”他说:“那时我将正在做作业。”

→He said that heshould be doinghis homework then.他说那时他将正在做作业。

He said, “Weshall have finishedthe work by that time.”他说:“我们将在那时以前完成工作。”

→He said that theyshould have finishedthe work by that time.他说他们将在那时以前完成工作。

注意:直接引语如果是客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时,变为间接引语时,时态不变。

The teacher said, “The earthisround. ”老师说:“地球是圆的。”

→The teacher said that the earthisround.老师说地球是圆的。

He said, “Iwasborn in Shangdong in 1965.”他说: “我1965年生于山东。”

→He said that hewasborn in Shangdong in 1965. 他说他1965年生于山东。

He said, “ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica in 1492.”他说:“哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。”

→He said ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica in 1492.他说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。

(2)主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时

如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一律不变

He says, “Ifinishedthe work.”他说:“我做完工作了。”

He says that hefinishedthe work. 他说他做完工作了。

He will say, “Ihave wateredthe flowers.”他会说:“我己经浇花了。”

He will say hehas wateredthe flowers. 他会说他己经浇花了。

高中英语直接引语与间接引语知识点总结(二)

直接引语与间接引语

定义:

直接引语:直接引用别人的原话,并在原话前后加引号。

例:He said:" It is too late."

间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话,多数以宾语从句的形式构成。

例:He said it was too late.

直接引语与间接引语的转换:

一、人称代词的变化:

直接引语变间接引语时,人称代词的变化一般规律是:

第一人称→第三人称;

第二人称→第一人称;

第三人称→第三人称。

简记为“二一、一三、三留”。

例:"I'm thinking of changing my address." he said.

→ He said that he was thinking of changing his address.(I和he指同一个人)

Xiao Ming asked me, "Are you going to the park with us?"

→ Xiao Ming asked me if I wasgoing to the park with them.(us与them指相同的人,XiaoMing是其中的一员;me和you指同一个人)

Mr. Li said, "She will attend the meeting."

→ Mr. Li saidthatshewouldattendthemeeting.(Mr. Li和she不是同一个人) 但当说话者是第一人称,直接引语中的主语也是第一人称时,不作变化。

I said to my children, "I will give you some presents on Christmas Day."

→ I told my children I would give them some presents on Christmas Day. (I为同一说话者)

二、时态的变化

直接引语变间接引语时,时态的变化规律是往“过去”相应的时态推移:

一般现在时→一般过去时,

一般将来时→过去将来时,

现在进行时→过去进行时,

现在完成时→过去完成时,

一般过去时/过去完成时→过去完成时。

如:My father told me, "He will come back next week."

→ My father told me that he would come back the next week.

She asked me, "Did you finish your homework?"

→ She asked me if I had finished my homework.

注意:直接引语属下列情况时,时态不作变化:

1、直接引语属真理或客观事实时:

如:The teacher said to us, "Light runs much faster than sound."

→ The teacher told us light runs much faster than sound.

2、主句谓语动词是现在或将来某个时态:

如:The old man often says, "I joined the Red Army when I was young."

→ The old man often says that he joined the Red Army when he was young.

3、直接引语带有具体的过去时间状语时:

如:The politics teacher said to us, "The party was founded in 1921."

→ The politics teacher told us that the party was founded in 1921.

4、直接引语谓语有情态动词:had better,would rather及need,must,oughtto等时:

如:He said to me, "I would rather live in the countryside."

→ He told me that he would rather live in the countryside.

5、直接引语为虚拟语气谓语时 e.g.Shesaid,"IwouldbehappyifIwereabird."→ Shesaidthatshewouldbehappyifshewereabird.

三、句型的变化:

直接引语变间接引语时,句型要作适当变化:

1、变陈述句为由that引导的从句(that常省略):

如:"I want to improve my English at school," said the child.

→ The child said(that) he wanted to improve his English at school.

2、变一般疑问句为由if/whether引导的从句:

如:"Are you sure he will come today?"Jenny asked Helen.

→ Jenny asked Helen if/whether she was sure he would come that day.

3、变选择疑问句为由whether...or.../whether...or not引导的从句:

如:"Is he a director or an actor?" she asked me.

→ She asked me whether he was a director or an actor.

4、变反意问句时,要视说话者的语气而定:

(1)表示疑问时,先需去掉后面的反意问句部分,再按一般疑问句变化。

如:"You haven't finished your composition, have you?" the teacher said to me.

→ The teacher asked me if I had finished my composition.

(2)表示提醒或警告等特别语气时,先按陈述句变化,再把间接引语前的动词更换为表示相应语气的动词remind,warn等。

如:"You're late for class, aren't you?" the teacher said angrily to me.

→ The teacher warned me that I was late for class.

5、变特殊疑问词开头的问句为原特殊疑问词引导的从句:

如:"When did you come here?" Tom asked Jim.

→ Tom asked Jim when he had gone there.

6、变祈使句为不定式短语,作动词ask,tell,order,beg,request,advise,offer,warn等的宾语补足语,宾语为说话者的对象,选什么动词,视情况而定:

如:The doctor said to the patient, "Don't eat oily food again."

→ The doctor advised the patient not to eat oily food again.

7、变感叹句为how或what引出的从句,也可用that引出从句:

如:"How clever a boy he is." the teacher said to the mother.

→ The teacher told the mother how clever a boy he was.

或:The teacher told the mother that he was clever boy.

8、直接引语是多个句子时,按其句型特点,用上面的方法分别处理,并用and连接:

如:Mrs. Smith said, "I don't know the way to the station. How can I get there?"

→ Mrs. Smith said that she didn't know the way to the station and asked me how she could get there.

9、若直接引语是What's the matter?/What has happened?/What's wrong with...? 时,变成间接引语语序不变:

如:"What's the matter?" said he.

→ He asked me what was the matter.

直接引语变间接引语词语转化对比:

直接引语 间接引语
this, these that, those
here there
now then
today,tonight that day,that night
this evening that evening
last week the week before
tomorrow the next/following day
yesterday the day before
next week/month/year the next week/month/ year
ago before
come go

注意:如果在当时转述别人话,不必要改变时间状语;在原地转述别人的话,也不必改变地点状语,同样,come也不一定要改为go。

如:John said just now, "I came here yesterday."

→John said just now that he came here yesterday.

 
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